Prevalence of Dementia among the Elderly - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 562 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Part A: Research development Definition of dementia Dementia is a term that is used to describe the decline in mental ability that interferes with daily life. Dementia is more prevalent to the elderly than in children and youth (Harvey et al., 2003). A good example of dementia is memory loss. It is worth noting that dementia is not a specific medical condition but rather an overall term that defines a wide range of symptoms that are associated with cognitive impairment and decline in memory and other thinking skills (White et al., 2005). Vascular contributors of Dementia Vascular dementia occurs after a stroke (Whitehouse et al., 1982). It is the second most prevalent among patients after the Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, there are many other medical conditions that cause symptoms of dementia such as vitamin deficiencies and thyroid problems (Wimo et al., 2013). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Prevalence of Dementia among the Elderly" essay for you Create order Symptoms of dementia While signs and symptoms of this disease vary greatly, two of the following mental functions are significantly impaired to be termed as dementia. The mental functions include communication and language, memory, ability to pay attention and focus, visual perception, reasoning and judgment (Law Quirion, 2001). It has been found that people with dementia have short-memory, cannot keep track of wallet or purse, have problems in paying bills, remembering appointment, planning and preparing meals or traveling out of the neighborhood (Plassman et al., 2007). Part B: Research Proposal Prevalence of dementia among the elderly Introduction Dementia is a medical condition that is manifested in the form of a decline in mental ability including memory loss and other cognitive impairments (Plassman et al., 2007). It is common among the elderly. That is, the disease is more prevalent among the aged than in children and youth. Patients suffering from this condition usually have problems such short-term memory, inability to plan for their daily chores, remembering of events and even in communication and reasoning. It has been found that many dementias are progressive (Regier et al., 1993). That is, the symptoms start out at mild levels and then gradually become worse over time. However, if one is experiencing changes in thinking skills or memory difficulties, he or she should see a physician for professional evaluation of the condition (Evans, 1990). Statement of the problem According to Brookmeyer and Kawas (1998), there are various causes of dementia including stroke, cerebral capillary abnormalities, capillary morphology, depression, medication side effects, vitamin deficiencies, thyroid problems and excessive use of alcohol. However, the prevalence of these causes has not been well investigated. This work aims at highlighting the prevalence of the causes of dementia in the United States. General objective To determine the prevalence of the causes of dementia in the United States Specific Objective To determine the prevalence of the causes of dementia using statistical approach Methodology This work will employ a quantitative research design. That is, upon the collection of data, a statistical analysis will be employed to determine the prevalence of the causes of dementia. The study will rely on secondary data collection method where data from 100 articles related to causes of dementia will be obtained (Hebert et al., 2013). The articles will be obtained from the Journal of Neurology, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Neurochemical Research, Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Neurobiology of Aging and Ageing Research Reviews. The various causes dementia will be evaluated in terms of their mean, variance, standard deviation, and p-value in the United States (Hurd et al., 2013).

Determining Reading For Students And Identifying Their...

Determining reading groups in our classroom is imperative. After assessing our students and identifying their areas of needing improvement teacher should proceed to create different reading groups in the classroom. Teacher need to take into account that grouping practices are highly effective for teaching practices. These practices help enhance reading acquisition competences. The techniques can assist students with cooperative learning and peer tutoring. The strategies of whole class, one on one, small groups and pairs can be plan to meet our student’s individual needs. The whole class instruction is concentrated more on the general population of the students. It is a strategy that most teachers use in the traditional classroom. The whole group can benefit students because they are mixed and can help each other with the lessons. During whole class instruction we can engage students to ask questions and discuss answer. Also, the topic can be summarize and review to make sure our students comprehend the topic of the lesson. An example of whole groups’ strategy is when students finish reading a story the teacher can circulate worksheets with questions to complete. Another method of grouping is small group instruction. This strategy offer the students with the opportunity to get feedback from other classmates. It is a more relaxed approach for teachers to make sure the students are understanding and also can monitor for behavior. Small groups can do much good to students withShow MoreRelatedThe Fastest Growing Subgroup Of The Nation Are English Language Learners1659 Words   |  7 PagesThe fastest growing subgroup in the nation are English Language Learners (ELLs). Over a period of 10 years, from 1995 to 2005, ELL students grew over 60% (Wolf, Herman, Bachman, Bailey, Griffin, 2008). 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Human Addiction to a Nonrenewable Resource - Oil

Question: How has the evolution of the automobile as the major terrestrial type of transportation gone hand-in-hand with petroleum? Answer: Introduction Non-renewable resources are the resources that cannot be readily replaced by natural means. Few non-renewable resources are fossil fuels such as coal, oil or natural gas. These resources are also called depletable resources as they are depleting and leading to a worldwide power crisis (Epstein, 2014). The energy consumption has increased throughout human history with the increase in population. There is a great need and demand for non-renewable energy as it is used to run conveyances, provides light, run machineries and various other reasons. The usage of non-renewable resources leads to economic growth (Pao Fu, 2013). The human beings are highly dependent on the non-renewable sources of energy as it forms a part of their daily life. With the continuous demand of fossil fuels, it has always been in use. The non-renewable resources take centuries or millions of years to form naturally. With the increased usage, the researchers have estimated that these fossil fuels would cease to exi st over time (Nyambuu Semmler, 2014). Uses of oil and its family of products Crude oil is a non-renewable resource of energy that is used to make liquid petroleum products. Crude oil is the only fossil fuel that is available in liquid form and is used in preparing gasoline, heating oil, diesel fuel, jet fuel, residual fuel oil, asphalt, propane and various others. The above mentioned family of products are put to various uses, a few of which are discussed (Abdel-Aal Alsahlawi, 2013). Crude oil is used to prepare plastic that can be further used in production of cases, toys and countless number of everyday items. Petroleum is used to make clothing colourful and non-flammable. It is also used in the production of polyester, nylon, rayon and various others. Petroleum is used in carpet or linoleum flooring. It is also used in preparing various kitchen equipments such as door liners, non-stick pots and pans. Heating oil is used for heating homes in many cold countries across the world. Gasoline is used in conveyances like cars and vans. Asphalt is used in recreation of bicycle paths, playgrounds, running tracks and tennis courts. Diesel oil is used for running motor vehicles and power generators in factories (Speight, 2015). Evolution of the automobile and increased usage of petroleum Petroleum was high in demand even before the evolution of automobiles. The first automobile, Benz Patent-Motorwagen, was invented in the year 1886 (Parment, 2014). During the Industrial Revolution, the fuel was used to power the economy. In the mid 19th century, petroleum demand had risen to global prominence. America put the petroleum industry to a new level and used it to power automobiles, airplanes, ships and so on for generating electricity. Petroleum consumption also increased because the popularity of automobile grew with time and had a boom period after World War I (Ross, 2012). During the war, automobiles were in short supply and there was unsatisfied demand. The automobiles grew in demand as it narrowed the gaps between rural and urban life. Automobiles run by petroleum made commutation easy for farmers, officials and regular lives of people. Automobiles were used for personal as well as industrial uses that brought stronger competition and increased the demand for fuel han d-to-hand (Bridge Le Billon, 2013). Health and environmental impacts of terrestrial type of transportation Health impacts Exposure to automobile-related air pollution has a number of heath outcomes. Such pollution leads to increase in health and death risks. Leaded gasoline has various health impacts as the chemical is distributed to the bones, brain, liver, kidney, teeth and blood. There are serious health impacts such as impairment of brain function in children, increase in heart diseases, lower IQ and respiratory diseases. The developing nervous system is affected and leads to decline in intelligence quotient, aggression and attention deficit order (Grabow et al., 2011). Lead can also be harmful in pregnant women as it can cause still birth, miscarriage, low birth weight, premature birth and minor malformations. Longer exposure to lead can cause headache, lethargy, muscle weakness, convulsions, paralysis, cancer and anaemia. Major respiratory disorders are asthma, bronchitis leading to COPD and cardiovascular diseases. The male fertility also seems to be affected by automobile-related pollution. Carbon monoxide (CO) when inhale affects bloodstream, reduces the availability of oxygen and can be extremely harmful to public health (Akumu, 2012). Environmental impacts Increased use of automobiles has resulted in various environmental problems such as climate change, water quality, air quality, land take and biodiversity. Climate change- The transportation activities release million tons of gases into the atmosphere such as carbon monoxide, lead, methane, nitrous oxide and various others. These gases lead to ozone depletion. Air Quality- The toxic air pollutants emitting from automobiles reduce the quality of air. Acid precipitation, smog and other effects damage air quality causing forest decline and lack of natural visibility (Lera-Lpez, Faulin Snchez, 2012). Noise- The automobiles lead to noise pollution as there are continuous irregular and chaotic sounds. The hearing organs can be affected as the sounds are unpleasant. Water Quality- The automobiles also impact the hydrological activities by contaminating rivers, lakes, oceans and wetlands. Accidents like oil spills cause serious water pollution. Biodiversity- The natural vegetation is also affected by transportation. Many animal species are becoming extinct as a result of changes in their natural habitats and reduction of ranges (Dixon, 2013). Best policy and economy approach(s) for the eventual decline of fossil fuels According to Waldman (2015), Saudi Arabia plans to extend the age of oil. The aim of the petroleum minister is to diversify away the overreliance on oil revenues. The minister intends to decline demand for oil. Energy plays a central role in the global economy. The risks must be assessed and following insights for policy makers are listed as follows: Reduce energy demand Create low-cost alternatives (Nelson et al., 2014). The policymakers could focus on reducing coal consumption and minimize asset stranding. The operating hours of industries must be made flexible and consistent. The plants must be retired that do not imply air pollution control standards. The energy demand can be reduced by raising energy taxes or removing the subsidies applicable on fossil fuels. This would help in giving the consumers price signals higher than fair cost. This would eventually lead to decline in demand. Taxes are the primary mechanism for consumption reduction. The windfall would be greater than the cost to consumers (Golosov, Hassler, Krusell Tsyvinski, 2014). Pricing and innovation policy complement each other. Low-cost alternatives are identified that would reduce the use of fossil fuels. Government may seek to maximize the value of non-renewable resources (Kutting, 2011). The policies would not only influence the value at risk but also the ultimate financial cost. Biofuels has advantage over conventional fossil fuels as there is reduction in emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) (Atabani et al., 2012). One of key competitive advantages the fossil fuel industry has had is the huge capital, complexity risk and high level engineering skills required to develop them. Commodity pricing, incumbent corporate structures and investor practices have been designed around, and therefore favor, fossil fuel. It is suggested that the coal-fired generation in countries like India and China must be slowed (Lin Li, 2012). Renewable energy provides another potential option, but unlike most fossil fuels, renewable energy is typically financed at local financial market conditions that can significantly increase the cost of renewable energy (Ouyang Lin, 2014). The industries must convert sunlight, nuclear power, earths heat into energy that can be used by people. If prices of fossil fuels were raised, there would be no disincentive to invest in the renewable resource energy plants. Addressing the climate change issue is more likely to reduce the value of fossil fuel resources. Financial mechanisms can also reduce the impact of stranding. Changing the financing and business models can be developed for addressing budget consequences and phasing out fossil fuel production (Nelson et al., 2014). Finally, a Carbon Tracker Initiative can be taken for aligning capital markets with the climate change policy agenda. Lower carbon sources must be articulated, planned and accepted generally by the investors (Carbontracker.org, 2016). Conclusion There is a great need and demand for non-renewable energy as it is used to run conveyances, provides light, run machineries and various other reasons. . The non-renewable resources take centuries or millions of years to form naturally. With the increased usage, the researchers have estimated that these fossil fuels would cease to exist over time. Crude oil is used to prepare plastic that can be further used in production of cases, toys and countless number of everyday items. Gasoline is used in conveyances like cars and vans. Petroleum was high in demand even before the evolution of automobiles. The toxic air pollutants emitting from automobiles reduce the quality of air. Exposure to automobile-related air pollution has a number of health outcomes. Such pollution leads to increase in health and death risks. The risks must be assessed and it can be controlled by reducing energy demand and creating low-cost alternatives. References Abdel-Aal, H., Alsahlawi, M. (2013).Petroleum economics and engineering. Akumu, J. (2012).Harmful Effects of Leaded Gasoline. Algeria. Retrieved from https://www.unep.org/transport/PCFV/PDF/Algeria/Harmful%20Effects%20of%20Leaded%20Gasoline,%20Jane%20Akumu-%20UNEP.pdf Atabani, A., Silitonga, A., Badruddin, I., Mahlia, T., Masjuki, H., Mekhilef, S. (2012). A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics.Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews,16(4), 2070-2093. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.003 Bridge, G., Le Billon, P. (2013).Oil. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. Carbontracker.org,. (2016).What is Carbon Tracker?. Retrieved 22 February 2016, from https://www.carbontracker.org/ Dixon, J. (2013).Economic analysis of environmental impacts. London: Earthscan. Epstein, A. (2014). The moral case for fossil fuels. New York: Penguin Group. Golosov, M., Hassler, J., Krusell, P., Tsyvinski, A. (2014). Optimal Taxes on Fossil Fuel in General Equilibrium.Econometrica,82(1), 41-88. https://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta10217 Grabow, M., Spak, S., Holloway, T., Stone, B., Mednick, A., Patz, J. (2011). Air Quality and Exercise-Related Health Benefits from Reduced Car Travel in the Midwestern United States.Environ Health Perspect,120(1), 68-76. https://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103440 Kutting, G. (2011).Globalization and the environment. Albany: State University of New York Press. Lera-Lpez, F., Faulin, J., Snchez, M. (2012). Determinants of the willingness-to-pay for reducing the environmental impacts of road transportation.Transportation Research Part D: Transport And Environment,17(3), 215-220. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2011.11.002 Lin, B., Li, A. (2012). Impacts of removing fossil fuel subsidies on China: How large and how to mitigate?.Energy,44(1), 741-749. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.05.018 Nelson, D., Zuckerman, J., Goggins, A., Vladeck, T., Herv-Mignucci, M., Szambelan, S. (2014).Moving to a Low-Carbon Economy: The Impact of Policy Pathways on Fossil Fuel Asset Values. Retrieved from https://climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Moving-to-a-Low-Carbon-Economy-The-Impacts-of-Policy-Pathways-on-Fossil-Fuel-Asset-Values.pdf Nyambuu, U., Semmler, W. (2014). Trends in the extraction of non-renewable resources: The case of fossil energy.Economic Modelling,37, 271-279. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.11.020 Ouyang, X., Lin, B. (2014). Impacts of increasing renewable energy subsidies and phasing out fossil fuel subsidies in China.Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews,37, 933-942. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.013 Pao, H., Fu, H. (2013). Renewable energy, non-renewable energy and economic growth in Brazil.Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews,25, 381-392. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.004 Parment, A. (2014). Auto Brand: Building Successful Car Brands for the Future (p. 172). Britain: Kogan. Ross, M. (2012).The oil curse. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Speight, J. (2015).Handbook of petroleum product analysis. New York: Wiley-Interscience. Waldman, P. (2015).Buying Time: The Saudi Plan to Extend the Age of Oil.Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 22 February 2016, from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-12/saudi-arabia-s-plan-to-extend-the-age-of-oil

MacDonalds Market Analysis

Introduction McDonald’s is one of the largest food stores and it serves more than 58 million customers every day. The company was founded in 1940 by Richard and Maurice, McDonald brothers. The company expanded its operations by opening of new restaurants in different countries including Costa Rica, Canada, Japan, Panama, Germany, France, EI Salvador and Sweden. The first store was opened in 1974 in Woolwich, London.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on MacDonald’s Market Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By then, the company had established 31, 000 restaurants in 119 countries across the world. The company has provided employment to more than 1.5 million people. Previously, the company operated specifically on traditional foodstuff such as burgers, soda and fries; however, there has been an advancement to include healthier foodstuff such as wraps and hamburger in their menu (McDonald’s 20 10). The company has also ventured into a new environmental policy that states that â€Å"we believe that being the world’s best family restaurant involves protecting the environment at the local and global level. We strive to ensure that our operations today do not have a negative impact on the lives of future generations† (Brown 1999, p. 56). Other products that the company has introduced recently include eggs and free-range chickens, in addition to local sourcing of produce from different countries that the company has based its operations (McDonald’s 2010). Review and analysis of the strategic analysis Following many decades of operations, the company is invigorating its products and using several initiatives to push its innovation ahead. MacDonald’s Company, which operates more than 30000 restaurants, serves approximately 50 million customers each day. Its success has been attributable to its decades of expansion, profits and sales growth. For the fi rst time, the company recorded a losing quarter in 2002. Following demands to get back McDonald on track, fresh strategies had to be devised. By use of its own 5Ps, MacDonald’s is refining and developing fresh policies to offer a variety of products, build value, and come up with modernized and contemporary stores. This would result to delivery and balancing of value pricing with more valuable items and using innovative and bold promotions to market its products. Implementation of most of the company’s policies involves customer surveys and ranking of restaurants so as to achieve the company objectives.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More New menu products are some of the unique strategies that are likely to ensure customer satisfaction. Additionally, restaurant operation time can has been increased, in addition to acceptance of debit cards and credit cards as mod es of payment. The company also collects important data from the suppliers and franchisees, which can help in product development. Smarter and cleaner restaurants are benchmarked from other renowned retailers. There has been a remarkable reduction in the trouble experienced during the beginning of the millennium. The company has registered growth especially in terms revenue, and the core business will remain the focus. A 7 years ownership rights in Chipotle Mexican Grill is an example of the commitment to expand its operations or focus on its McDonald brand whose key aim is to attract more customers. Another key market strategy which is very critical is leveraging of the menu improvement. Enhanced local coverage and ensuring the best experience of the customers is a central focus in Europe. Africa and Middle East markets have concentrated their efforts on building sales by extending the working hours. The top management is betting on the core brand and hopes that fruits will be born e. McDonald’s mission statement McDonald’s vision is to become a world leader in quick service restaurant services. Being a leader in this case means providing excellent quality, service, value, and cleanliness such that every customer in every restaurant is satisfied. In addition, McDonald’s has a brand mission, which states that they want to be their customers preferred place and eating manner. The company’s worldwide activities are aligned along the global strategy referred to as Plan-to-Win, focusing on five distinctive customer experience which includes products, people, place and promotion. The company is particularly committed to enhancing its customer experience, which is evident in the chairman’s message to the shareholders, when he states that: As always, running better restaurants is our number one priority. We will improve operations excellence around the world through new technology, better training, and service enhancements that will make it easier for our managers and crew to quickly and accurately serve the customer (Brown 1999, p. 23). Positioning strategy Product positioning enables the customer to identify with the unique nature of the products. The customer uses particular attributes to define the product relative to the competitors’ products. For example, a particular brand can be positioned as healthy, all-purpose. The customers should be provided with a lot of information regarding the product so they can identify with its unique characteristics.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on MacDonald’s Market Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the consumers can position the products in their minds without the help of the marketers, the marketers may not wish to leave the position of their products to chance. Instead, they find it important to plan the positions of their products in a manner that will yield the best possible outcome. MacDonald’s takes the position of an affordable place to eat without negating the quality of foodstuff, hygiene and service. The peaceful surroundings and calm back ground music signifies the comfort that the company stands for in slogans such as â€Å"you deserve a break today†¦.feed your inner child† (Brown 1999, p. 25). MacDonald’s has maintained a cordial relationship with its customers. It is this kind of pledge on quality food and service in a hygienic, clean and calming environment that enhances positive customer relationships (McDonald’s 2010). SWOT analysis Strengths McDonald’s has successfully been doing business since 1955, with a couple of its top corporate employees garnering vast experience in this field. The company is very popular among the media polls, and it is ranked very high The company is focused on community and social responsibility activities hence its popularity. Weaknesses The company’s m arket testing of pizza generated insignificant results, hence placing them at a disadvantaged position in the midst of the fast food pizza chains. Training of new employees consumes a lot of money for the company. Capitalization of organic food trends is yet to be achieved. Opportunities Hamburger which is believed to lead to good health is provided by the company hence a potential for attracting new customer who are health conscious. The surroundings of the eating place are industrial and Formica and it is probable to provide fashionable and classy environment such as the one in the New York City on Broadway. This attracts more customers who are fashionable and of high class. The company can offer discretionary allergen free foodstuffs. Threats There are yardstick for making grave from cradle kind of marketing. Children who are merely one year can be entertained in the restaurants for special meals, playgrounds, toys and movies tie-ins. Children enter into adult hood while feed ing on the company’s products. As such, the company is criticized by parent advocate groups for marketing its products on small children which is perceived as somewhat unethical. Any form of contamination of the foodstuff, particularly e-coli, can lead to a very bad publicity. The company is under threat from its competitors such as Taco Bell, Burger King, KFC, and Wendy’s together with other mid-range restaurants. How McDonald’s spend its time and money? The company spends its time and resource purchasing inputs, and providing outputs to its customers. This includes but not limited to the following activities: preparing foods stuff for the customers offering its services to its customers marketing its products and bloods name engaging in social corporate roles such as environment conservation paying salaries on its employees conducting research and development activities with the intention of innovating new products and improving the existing ones Have the a ctivities of the past year aligned with the company’s vision or mission? The activities of the past one year were determined to maintaining the progress and efforts of the company’s brand across the world. Although the environment of doing business was full of challenges, the chairman claimed that the company pushed its way ahead. There was particular focus on acquiring customer insights, strategy alignment, and buttressing of the pillars of business, from the company’s value and convenience and its value to its menu. All these activities were in tandem with the company’s mission and vision (Kotler, Jain Maesincee 2002). Formulate two (2) x short and two (2) x long term objectives for McDonalds to assist them to continue to do business in this ‘new environment’. Short-term objectivesAdvertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More McDonald’s aim’s at offering efficient and quick products which are suitable for customer’s health McDonald’s struggles to create awareness of nutritious menu products. For instance, McDonald’s aims at popularizing foodstuffs which contains fruit and vegetables, as well as daily options suitable for children. Their meals are prepared in a manner to avoid customer dissatisfaction. Long-term objectives The company will undertake innovations to come up with new technology, invest in better training and focus on improving service delivery, all with the aim serving customers satisfactorily and to improve the health status of the menu items. The company will center on the appropriate priorities to maintain relevance of its brand and meet the upcoming needs of the customers. Key Performance Indicators Short-term KPI: comparable guest count Long-term KPI: comparable sales The reasons why these objectives are legal and ethical These objectives are cente red on ensuring good health for the customers. Some entail improvement in the company’s operations so as to ensure that the menu items that are sold by MacDonald’s promote the health status of its customers, an act which is very ethical. Besides that, some objectives may be primarily for improving the brand of the company or products through advertisement. Ideally, such kind of advertisement does not fall under any category of advertisements which are evidently illegal, such as advertisement of harmful drugs. Furthermore, it can be argued that such an activity is ethical because it educates people on good feeding styles. For example, McDonald’s promotes their foods as nutritious, yet there is no clear evidence that it is unhealthy (Kotler, Jain Maesincee 2002). Resources and financial capability to achieve these objectives McDonald’s has successfully been doing business since 1955, with a couple of its top corporate employees garnering vast experience in this field and hence available to steer the company towards achievements of its objectives. The company’s cash flows are health as evident from the annual reports, and hence able to adequately finance its expenditure so as to achieve these objectives. In the past, the company has managed to achieve its objectives by application of ‘Plan to Win’ framework, which allows execution of activities that surrounds five components including people, place, products, and promotion. This plan has been coupled with its financial strength and discipline to enhance customer experience (McDonald’s 2010). Risk assessment To manage its risk which mainly results from health campaigns that target on its fast food, McDonald’s has introduced healthy hamburger which is widely acceptable in the current health-conscious society. The company can capitalize on this product to sell its self (through brand promotion) as one that promotes better and healthy eating habits. By do ing so, the company’s brand will become more popular among the target group. Basically, such a promotion is both legal and ethical because, as discussed earlier, it does not lead to the kind of promotions that can be categorized as either unethical or illegal. After all, the intention is to promote the health status of the society which is absolutely positive. Nonetheless, the health status of hamburger is not known to many people, or despite its healthy nature, it is not acceptable in some societies. In the event that the product is not acceptable in some societies, the company may want to undertake educative campaigns to promote it. References Brown, E 1999, Food Distributors, Forbes, New York. Kotler, P, Jain, D Maesincee, S 2002, Marketing moves: a new approach to profits, growth, and renewal, McGraw-Hill Education, New York. McDonald’s 2010, Annual reports (2010) Web. Web. This report on MacDonald’s Market Analysis was written and submitted by user Deac0nFr0st to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Public

Introduction In its quest to deliver to the public and reduce cost, Ontario province has had a series of Public-private partnerships programs over the years. These projects have shown tremendous success in areas mandated to attend.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Public-Private Partnership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In these arrangements, privately owned companies are contracted to carry out projects for the provincial government. In the whole of Canada, over 100 Public-Private Participation transactions have occurred in the last 20 years. To establish the extent of experience in public-private participation in Ontario, SuperBuild initiative is critically analyzed. A few years ago Ontario’s provincial government launched SuperBuild initiative in its budget which targeted infrastructural improvements. The SuperBuild program emphasized private public partnership as the basis of its success . The partnership targeted private sector, broader public and authorities such as municipalities, universities and other government institutions in the province. The initiative was planned to take a period of five years costing at least $ 20 billion. To finance the project, Ontario’s provincial government invested $ ten billion while private sector and other partners contributed additional $ 10 billion within a period of five years. Main priorities for the SuperBuild project were to improve hospitals and healthcare centers, schools, water, transportation infrastructure and environmental protection projects. Ontario SuperBuild Corporation was mandated by provincial government to perform all duties concerning these projects. Some of its duties included capital planning and policy development, evaluating and recommending necessary changes, develop strategies and report publicly on SuperBuild investment Priorities, plans and results.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Membership of the cooperation was drawn from private and public sectors in a bid to make it inclusive (Ontario SuperBuild, 2011). Infrastructure Ontario was established by an act of parliament in 2005 to fast-track the projects. To ensure success of Public–private partnership, some guidelines were put in place. These guidelines have been in used for the infrastructure projects in Ontario to ensure certain thresholds are met (Murphy, 2008). The same guidelines have been used in other projects. The Public-Private Partnership (P3s) Approach Ontario’s infrastructure is worth close to $ 200 billion. About half is owned by public while the remaining half is owned by private organizations. All of them are publicly regulated. Even though the infrastructure is thought to be sufficient, there has been need to expand, improve and manage them to ensure that they serve their purposes as intended. Roads, railways, waterways, hospitals and technological infrastructure require maintenance and improvements. The level of investment at the time was not enough to satisfy current and future needs of the province. With the need to have a long term planning and financial innovation, Public-Private partnership was the most convenient initiative which could be successfully supported by SuperBuild to achieve its goals (Ontario SuperBuild, 2011). P3 approach includes service or management contracts, design-build construction projects, design-build-operate transfer concessions, design-build-own-finance-transfer concession and/or divestiture.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Public-Private Partnership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Benefits of P3s Benefits of public-private partnerships in Ontario includes risk sharing, improving service levels, reducing cost and improving revenue, gaining access to new sources of capitals, gaining access to better skills, realizing value of under-utilized assets and realizing economic-development opportunities. To undertake Public-Private Participation in Ontario, three considerations are made. These considerations are vital to the success of Public-Private Participation. The first is political considerations. This is the climate which the projects are evaluated, financed and their benefits to the public are realized. Another consideration is the climate which ensures that public must maintain ownership and determine priorities of the project. The final consideration is the climate under which disputes are resolved (Ontario SuperBuild, 2011). Procurement and implementation generate numerous disputes which require arbitration. Distribution of responsibilities is based on which party is best suited to play which role. These considerations must be in place to avoid political representation in the project. Use of digitalization has enhanced tr ansparency in government dealings and political landscape in Canadian system. Members of public are encouraged to air their views on prevailing public debates. Internet use has been a key contributor to public participation in issues being debated in Ontario (Dutil et al., 2010). Establishment of Criteria The criterion which has been used in Ontario to select a viable project over the years has been a series. It involves:Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Financial terms which are acceptable to both the government and private sector that must be used to carry out projects to completion. Technical solutions to carry out the project must be available through Public-Private Participation. Operational- if there are hurdles associated with operations which might hinders full implementation of the project in question. If the project will be accepted by public. Implementation- that there are no barriers to carrying out the project. Timing –if there are possible constrains which can pre-empt P3 procurements. The decision to build Brampton Civic Hospital was made in 1996 by the Health Services Restructuring Commission using the above criterion. The criterion was not entirely followed but was later reviewed by Infrastructure Ontario (IO) to be used in subsequent projects. There were changes in leadership which affected the initial implementation of the project. The election of supportive government was the main advantage into the impl ementation of this project that was proposed several years earlier (Loxley and Loxley, 2010). Implementation and operations challenges Most project in P3 fail because of poor procurement which results in flaws in implementation and operational challenges. Procurement Principles In Ontario, appropriate strike between value and fairness is a vital requirement in successful design and implementation of procurement process. Most private organization want to maximize monetary gains while public want fairness and value for money from the process (Dutil et al., 2010). Principles have been developed to guide the process and ensure that all bidders have equal opportunities and sufficient information is disclosed. It also ensures that evaluation process is established before bidding process begins and pre-established evaluation process is followed. The main principles are to ensure that public policies are established and communicated before Request for Proposal is issued and identify public policy trade-offs to be made. Public policies are made in private while perspectives of public sector and potential bidders are addressed. Appropriate responses to significant labour-force issues are developed and a fair Public-private participation procurement process is designed. ‘Value for money’ is established, confidentiality of public and private partnership is maintained and bidders are provided with full and plain disclosure, enhancing staff functions by retaining consultants. Project Organization Organized responsibility structure and approval process is used in projects. This is because of the large number of people involved in these processes. Some particular responsibilities and practices procedure are used in Ontario to ensure fairness and quality of product. The roles of staff include functions in teams like Project Team, Evaluation Team, Due-Diligence Team, Steering Committee, Process Auditor, Executive (cabinet, municipal councils, school and hospital bo ards, etc.) and Ongoing Management. Project Plan Objectives and scopes of projects are explained to relevant parties before a process of selecting partner is started. Projects team engage in debates of various tradeoffs and constrains of the projects to define clearly the objectives, goals and requirements of each project. (Ontario SuperBuild, 2011). The project team will make consultation with management, outside experts, and other stakeholders to deliberate these issues in details. A Public-private participation project plan undergoes four phases which include scoping the project, selection process, negotiations, implementation and operation. Project Scope The project scope is defined at the beginning of the project. The scope is defined in respect to Financial, Technical, Operational, Acceptability, Implementation and Timing (Ontario SuperBuild, 2011). Selection Process Selection process is developed and documented after project scope is established. Project team comes up with a plan to start the process. This will ensure that the best partner is selected and minimum challenges are expected from public and other organizations. Tailored process must be used basing on the nature (scope) of the project. (Ontario, SuperBuild, 2011). Negotiations A majority of organizations in Ontario maximize the use of strategy in procurement process and negotiate later during final agreement. They eventually lose because they do not want any reverse of the won bids. The one who succeed in negotiations is bidder who offers the best financial price for a project (Ontario SuperBuild, 2011). Sometimes negotiations are customized to suit the project in question. In ensuring successful negotiations, it is necessary to use a project team which is empowered and ready to walk away from a bad offer. The commitments made must be measurable and appropriate proponents perspectives are addressed. Implementation and Operations In Private-Public participation, private contractor is not paid until a substantial amount of work has been completed. This accelerates construction and completion of a project (Murphy, 2008). Delayed deliveries can result in penalties. This has made most of the private contractors to deliver on-time and on-budget. However, Private sector can back-track commitments made during negotiations or sometimes ignore the agreements during implementation process. Since public sector is poor in contract administration, it is required to sort off implementation issues at different phases of project which includes development/construction, operations, at the end of term. It is important that successful bidders are monitored, procedure is followed and commitment is delivered. However, development or construction administration in Private-public participation can be ambiguous and difficult. The cost of construction changed several times during the time of construction of Brampton Civic Hospital. According to Barrows and others (2011), the total change amounte d to 13% overrun with respect to government estimates by the end of the project. After completion, the hospital had a capacity of 479 funded beds in December 2007. When shifting operations from the old hospital to the new facility, two deaths of patients were reported resulting in a public uproar. There were claims that there was shortage of staff and patients had to wait for long before being attended to. Public-private participation arrangement was blamed for the situation. This was rectified after some time (Barrows et al. 2011), Conclusion Different views have been given concerning Public-private participation in Ontario and other places in Canada and around the world. Despite numerous inconsistencies in its delivery of services and goods, it has benefits. According to Loxley and Loxley (2010), with view of numerous projects undertaken under Public-Private partnership, majority of them have not delivered results as intended. To make these conclusions, the two examined projects w hich included schools, hospitals, water treatment plants and service oriented projects. It is thought that P3s projects save a lot of money because of risk being transferred to contractor. However, Loxley and Loxley found out that most contractors undertaking the projects finally use more money than if they had been undertaken by government. This was clearly portrayed by Brampton Civic Hospital project with 13% increase in cost (Barrows et al. 2011), Service oriented projects under public-private participation finally provide poor services to clients and public. They believe that if public servants provided these services or built the facilities in question, the quality would have improved while cost reduces. Accounting by government officials are misleading with the aim of making the projects look palatable which is not the case in the real sense. This is attributed to hidden interests between government officials and private operators. Costs are inflated with the aim of making mor e money from public coffers. These results in unrealistic profits recorded by private operators or contractors (Loxley and Loxley, 2010). Success of private-public participation can be measured and determined if proper mechanisms are put in place. Delivering of good services to the public can only be improved through Public-private partnerships because government does not have the capacity to undertake all projects (Dutil et al. 2010). Service culture can be built through cooperation between public, private sector and general public. With the use of internet becoming common, basic public participation in political and other decisions are enhanced. Public involvement in political decisions may increase service delivery especially in politically determined services. In Ontario, public-private participation has recorded success in both service and infrastructural sectors. Several projects undertaken under public-private partnership participations are completed and workings with few dis crepancies being recorded. Water, health, educational and several other sectors have benefitted from Public-private participation in Ontario. Although initial projects carried out under P3 recorded a few technical and operational problems, subsequent projects were better. Use of Public-private participation in future needs improvements both in organization and accountability to realize optimum benefits. Recommendations According to Barrows and others (2011), Brampton Civic Hospital project was a pilot P3 project undertaken when government employees and members of public had little experience with Public-private participation. Therefore, to counter political rhetoric, there should be a clear communication plan since P3 is a new model in Ontario and other places. Community management (including unique needs) should be improved to counter accusations after full implementation of projects. Methods for managing risks should be improved and followed effectively. Risk management and estima te should be given to knowledgeable and experienced participants to effectively transfer and assess risks. Generic risks associated with Policy, Design and Construction, and Maintenance and operations must be reviewed and improved. Since P3 is growing, people need to be educated on its working, purpose and their roles. This will improve procurements and implementation of future projects. There is need for holistic design in e-government structure and means of airing views by public (Dutil et al. 2007). Innovation in this section must involve both government and other stakeholders in its design. This must include responsibilities of employees in public sector in enhancing relationship with the government, capacities of private sector in both reforms and ongoing relational capacities and broadening participation from the current number to involve majority members of public. Works Cited Barrows, David, Ian Macdonald, Atipol Supapol, Olivia Dalton-Jez, and Simone Harvey-Rioux. â€Å"Pu blic Private Partnerships in Canadian Healthcare A Case Study of the Brampton Civic Hospital.† OECD 3. (2011): 55-140. Dutil, Patrice, Cosmo Howard, John Langford, and Jeffrey Roy. â€Å"Rethinking Government-Public Relationships in a Digital World.† Journal of Information Technology Politics 4.1, (2007): 77- 90. Dutil, Patrice, Cosmo Howard, John Langford, and Jeffrey Roy. The Service State Rhetoric, Reality and Promise. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2010. Print. Loxley, John and Salim Loxley. Public Service Private Profits. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Fernwood Publishing, 2010. Print. Murphy, Timothy J. â€Å"The Case for Public-Private Partnerships in Infrastructure.† Canadian Public Administration 51.1 (2008): 99-126. Ontario, SuperBuild 2011, A Guide to Public-Private Partnerships for Infrastructure Projects. PDF file. Web. This research paper on The Public-Private Partnership was written and submitted by user Kamille Crosby to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The eNotes Blog New to eNotes.com Research PaperStarters

New to Research PaperStarters We do the digging so you dont have to. When you don’t know where or how to start your research paper, dive into an Research Paper Starter. We clearly explain and analyze over 1,500 complex subjects so that you can concentrate on learning what you really need to know and writing a great paper. Why use a Research Starter? Two reasons: easily fine-tune the thesis of your paper locate expert sources without spending precious hours scouring a library database Read on to find out more about this latest feature from ! If youve ever struggled with getting a paper off the ground, not knowing where to look to find the sources you need, our Research Starters are for you; they provide an excellent starting point for your research, so you can more easily plan your thoughts and find the primary and secondary sources your grader expects of your works cited. Thats because each Research Paper Starter includes an overview, a summary, an in-depth analysis with relevant details, a conclusion, and a bibliography for further researcheverything essential about a topic on a single, easy-to-use page. No matter what subject your paper falls under, weve got you covered. has 1,500+ Research Starters  in Literature, History, Science, Business, Education, Psychology, Sociology, Economics and more. Each topics Research Starter is specific and comprehensive, giving you a multitude of ideas around which to construct your essay. Planning your paper has never been this easy and productive! Looking for a specific topic?   Research Starters are listed alphabetically at this page and searchable by keywords. You can find the complete list at  /research-starters. Expand your understanding, engage with the world around you, and get the grade you want with an Research Starter. Ready to move on to writing  your paper? Check out helpful guide on How to Write a Research Paper in 10 Easy Steps.

World War ll Through the1970's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

World War ll Through the1970's - Essay Example These decades witnessed widespread economic and political changes, which shaped America’s gender dynamics and civil rights conditions. Though there are numerous major events during this time, this paper focuses on the dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan and Rosa Park’s refusal to give up her bus seat for a white man. This paper reviews several important historical landmarks and their effects on modern American society, economy, politics, and culture. It also explores America’s reluctance to join World War II, the role that women played to win World War II, changes in civil rights after World War II, the effect of the Vietnam War on the political awareness of American youth, and the impact of President Johnson’s â€Å"Great Society† program on modern times. These events demonstrated that World War II and other influential individuals helped promote social inequity, as well as economic and political development, in America.... Wars cost millions to billions of dollars, not counting the lives lost in the process, so Americans thought it best not to engage in a new war, as it dabs on its economic and psychological post-World War I wounds. World War II depicted the military and technological skills of the U.S., specifically after it dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, because it not only ended this war, but sealed the fate of the U.S. as the new superpower of the world. On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, and on August 9, another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. On August 15, Japan surrendered to the Allies and signed the Instrument of Surrender on September 2, which officially ended World War II. The bombings resulted in post-war agreements that banned nuclear armament development. Scholars disagree on whether the atomic bombs truly forced Japan to hastily capitulate to the Allies, although the Office of the Historian (2012) and Freedman and Dockrill (2004) argued that these bombs shocked Japan into surrendering. The effects of the atomic bombing affected how Americans see nuclear weapons. For some Americans, the destruction of Japan through the atomic bombs sparked fear, not only against nuclear proliferation, but also against the media and the government, who have been increasingly charged of manipulating facts to support their political agenda (Jowett & O’Donnell, 2012, p.171). Despite the social pattern of distrust, it cannot be denied that World War II boosted the economy of the U.S. During the war, federal spending increased by $72 billion (Schug et al., 1993, p.192). Industries related to the war flourished, including steel, aluminum, copper, and rubber industries.